The US has declared monkeypox a public health emergency! What do you need to know? How monkey pox is transmitted? Signs and symptoms; disease progression; available treatments and vaccines. This video is available for instant download licensing here:
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Monkeypox is an infectious disease that is usually restricted to Central and West Africa. It’s a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted between animals and humans. Although the name “monkeypox” implies monkeys as primary hosts, potential animal reservoirs in nature include several species of squirrels, rats, mice, and non-human primates.
Since its discovery in 1970 and up until 2022, very few outbreaks were reported outside Africa, all of which were related to travel or imported animals.
Monkeypox virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the orthopoxvirus genus which also includes (among others) cowpox virus, vaccinia virus, and variola virus that causes smallpox.
The incubation time from exposure to symptom development is about 2 weeks.
Progression: First symptoms typically include fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle ache, and lymph node swelling. A couple of days later, a skin rash appears at the site of the primary infection and spreads throughout the body, including palms and soles. Within the following 2 weeks, the rash progresses from flat or raised lesions to blisters filled with pus, which then crust over and fall off.
The lesions can be extremely painful and itchy; scratching may lead to secondary bacterial infections.
For most people, the disease is self-limiting; it typically lasts 2 to 4 weeks and ends with complete recovery. However, it can be severe or even fatal in young children, pregnant women and immunocompromised patients.
Complications include encephalitis, sepsis, pneumonia, secondary skin bacterial infections, and vision loss due to infection of the cornea.
Monkeypox is transmitted via contacts with an infected animal or human, or with contaminated materials and surfaces. The virus enters the body through broken skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, digestive and urogenital systems. Poxviruses are remarkably stable, they survive well outside the host. This means infected materials and contaminated surfaces may remain infectious for a long time, but the good news is that they can be easily inactivated by common disinfectants.
Before the 2022 outbreaks, contact with infected animals was thought to be the major route of transmission; human-to-human transmission was considered rare. However, the 2022 outbreaks appear to be driven mainly by human-to-human transmission via sexual contacts.
Diagnosis is by real-time PCR on samples collected from suspected skin lesions.
Treatments aim to relieve symptoms and prevent secondary bacterial infections. Antiviral drugs may be used for severe cases.
Smallpox vaccines can provide effective and long-term cross-protection against monkeypox. Early post-exposure vaccination with smallpox vaccines may also help prevent severe disease. While routine administration of smallpox vaccines is not justifiable for general public, several countries have recommended vaccination for people who may be exposed to monkeypox, including healthcare workers in areas of outbreaks and people with close contacts with monkeypox patients.
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